Da Mandriva Italian.

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Mandriva Linux include una vasta scelta delle piu' popolari applicazioni per Linux, appositamente preparate per lavorare insieme in modo armonico. Praticamente ogni applicazione di cui avrete bisogno e' reperibile pressogli archivi ufficiali di Mandriva.

Indice 1 Le applicazioni per la gestione del software 1.1 Installare e rimuovere software 1.2 Installing updates: MandrivaUpdate 1.3 Making more applications available 2 Advanced use: the console software management applications 2.1 urpmi 2.2 urpme 2.3 urpmq and urpmf 2.4 urpmi.addmedia and urpmi.removemedia 3 Advanced use: Backports and candidate updates 4 Advanced use: other ways to install software 4.1 What not to do 4.2 Third party repositories 4.3 Rebuilding a source RPM from a later Mandriva Linux release 4.4 Installing from source code

[modifica] Le applicazioni per la gestione del software

Mandriva Linux distribuisce diverse applicazioni per aiutare i propri utenti a gestire il software installato sul loro computer. Le piu' importanti sono quelle dedicate all'installazione e rimozione del software (rpmdrake) e all'aggiornamento dello stesso (MandrivaUpdate)

[modifica] Installare e rimuovere software

rpmdrake e' lo strumento che vi permette di installare e rimuovere i programmi, aggiornamenti compresi, e di gestire gli archivi di applicazioni sia su supporti fisici che online. rpmdrake puo' essere lanciato in diversi modi:

• Aprendo il menu' di sistema e cliccando su Installa e Rimuovi Software
• Dal Centro di Controllo di Mandriva (Menu / Strumenti / Strumenti di Sistema / Configura il tuo computer), cerca la voce Gestione Software, e clicca sulla opzione appropriata (ciascuna di queste lancera' rpmdrake in diverse modalita')
• Utilizzando un terminale, si possono utilizzare i comandi rpmdrake, rpmdrake-remove, MandrivaUpdate o drakrpm-edit-media per lanciare rpmdrake nelle diverse modalita'. Per fare questo e' necessario avere i privilegi di amministratore.

. In questa pagina viene mostrato come lanciare comandi con i privilegi di root.

In Mandriva Linux 2008 e precedenti, Manage Software (nel Mandriva Control Center), Install & Remove Software (nel menu' di sistema) e rpmdrake (da riga di comando) lancia rpmdrake preselezionando All come filtro di ricerca. In Mandriva Linux 2008 Spring e successive, l'etichetta corrispondente, nel Mandriva Control Center, e' stata chiamata Install & Remove Software e questi metodi lannciano rpmdrake preselezionando il filtro Packages with GUI.

rpmdrake-remove (da riga di comando) avvia rpmdrake preselezionando il filtro Installed, che risulta essere la scelta piu' conveniente quando si tratta di rimuovere software.

Browse Available Software (nel menu' di sistema) avvia rpmdrake senza privilegi di amministratore, modalita' che permette esculsivamente di consultare la lista dei programmi installati e di quelli installabili, ma non di installare o rimuovere pacchetti.

Qualora selezionaste il link per installare o rimuovere pacchetti, potrete decidere le categorie di pacchetti listate usando il menu' a tendina posizionato nell'angolo in alto a sinistra della finestra. Le opzioni nel primo menu' a tendina sono All, Metapackages, Packages with GUI, All updates, Security updates, Bugfixes updates, General updates and Backports.

• I metapacchetti sono pacchetti che non contengono alcun file ed anno l'unico ruolo di dipendere da altri pacchetti. Per capire come questo funziona, considerate il metapacchetto task-gnome. Questo pacchetto non contiene alcun file ma dipende da tutti i pacchetti necessari per avere un ambiente desktop GNOME perfettamente funzionale. La semplice installazione del metapacchetto task-gnome, richiedera' automaticamente l'installazione di tutti i pacchetti che occorrono a GNOME per funzionare al meglio. Tale approccio semplifica la vita dell'utente, evitando il processo di ricerca e installazione manuale dei singoli pacchetti. Selezionando Metapackages dal menu' a tendina avrete la possibilita' di vedere tutti i pacchetti di questo tipo che Mandriva vi ha messo a disposizione.

• L'opzione Packages with GUI vi mostrera' unicamente i pacchetti che effettivamente sono dotati di interfaccia grafica. Questo risulta utile qualora cercaste di installare un programma e non voleste essere confusi da altri pacchetti che non forniscono interfaccia (es. librerie).

• Selezionando una tra le varie opzioni Updates vi verranno mostrati unicamente i diversi tipi di pacchetti ufficiali di aggiornamento.

• Backports vi mostrera' solo i pacchetti dalle sorgenti di tipo /backports, che contengono pacchetti (non supportati ufficialmente) con le ultime versioni di molte delle applicazioni originariamente fornite dalla release ufficiale. Per maggiori informazioni a riguardo delle sorgenti di tipo /backports e per consigli relativi al loro utilizzo vi consigliamo la lettura di questa pagina.

Il secondo menu' a tendina permette di alternare le modalita' di visualizzazione contente: 1) i pacchetti installati e quelli non ancora installati, 2) esclusivamente i pacchetti installati, 3) solo i pacchetti non ancora installati

Rispetto alle precedenti versioni di Mandriva sono state leggermente riviste la disposizione dei menu' a tendina e le opzioni in essi contenute, anche se non molto e' cambiato relativamente alla loro funzionalita'.

Il campo di ricerca posto in alto a destra della finestra vi permette di inserire delle chiavi di ricerca per identificare il nome dell'applicazione che desiderate installare. Il metodo di ricerca predefinito cerchera' tra i nomi dei pacchetti disponibili. Cliccando sull'icona che raffigura una lente di ingrandimento, vi permettera' di cambiare il metodo di ricerca. Potrete decidere di cercare tra le descrizioni dei pacchetti o tra la lista dei file che essi contengono. I risultati appariranno nel box al di sotto del termine di ricerca. Una volta selezionate le applicazioni che desiderate installare, cliccate sul bottone "Apply" per installarle. Se sono necessari altri pacchetti per far funzionare correttamente le applicazioni che aveIte scelto, rpmdrake vi avvisera' a riguardo, proponendovi di continuare l'installazione includendo le necessarie dipendenze o proponendovi di abortire l'installazione.

Se cercate un pacchetto e scoprite che una check box a sinistra del nome di una applicazione, cio' significa che l'installazione era gia' stata installata sul vostro sistema.

Per rimuovere pacchetti che sono gia' installati, de selezionate la check box. Questo segnera' i pacchetti per la rimozione o la disinstallazione. Una volta terminata la scelta dei pacchetti da rimuovere, cliccate sul bottone 'Apply' per iniziare la procedura di rimozione. Analogamente al processo di installazione, se un'altra applicazione deve essere disinstallata per completare la procedura di rimozione, sarete avvisati a riguardo e vi sara' mostrata la lista dei pacchetti da rimuovere e vi sara' chiesto se continuare nella procedura di disinstallazione o se interrompere il processo. Se decidete di interrompere il processo nessuno dei paccheti.

[modifica] Installing updates: MandrivaUpdate

Just as with any computer, you should update your Mandriva Linux system regularly. The MandrivaUpdate tool is provided for this purpose. Like rpmdrake, MandrivaUpdate can be run in several ways. From the Mandriva Control Center, go to the Software Management tab, and click on 'Update your system' or you can run MandrivaUpdate directly via the command MandrivaUpdate.

The first time you run MandrivaUpdate, it will ask your permission to connect to the Mandriva servers in order to download a list of sites from which it can download updates. If you give your permission, it will then ask you which mirror site to use. Pick one close to your geographical location. MandrivaUpdate will then connect to the site, download a list of available updates, and present you with a list of all available updates for packages installed on your system. All security and bugfix updates will be pre-selected.

[modifica] Making more applications available

If you installed from a CD or DVD edition of Mandriva Linux and did not enable Internet software repositories during the installation process, you will have access only to the software included on your CDs or DVD(s). There are so many applications available for Mandriva Linux that they cannot all fit on the CD or DVD editions. Therefore you may find some applications you wish to install are not found when you search in rpmdrake.

This does not mean you cannot easily and conveniently access these applications, however. With the help of another utility, you can configure your system to use a public Mandriva mirror site as an application repository, and access the entire range of applications available.

The first time you run the rpmdrake utility, it will offer to set up these public repositories for you. If you agree, it will walk you through a simple process to add these repositories. If you decline, but later you wish to add these repositories, follow these steps:

1. Run the Software Media Manager: open the Mandriva Control Center, and go to the Software Management tab.
2. Click the link titled 'Configure media sources for install and update'.
3. Click 'yes' when asked if it is OK to continue.
4. Now click the 'Add...' button on the right hand side of the new screen.
5. When asked whether to add 'Update sources only' or 'Full set of sources', click 'Full set of sources'.
6. Click 'Yes' in reply to the question about the mirror list.
7. When the mirror list appears, choose a mirror close to your geographical location. Wait for the process to complete.

Once the process is complete, you can run rpmdrake as described above, and you will have access to a wider range of applications than was previously the case.

[modifica] Advanced use: the console software management applications

As a complement to the graphical software management applications discussed above, there is a range of console software management applications which share the same software repositories (so you can use either the console applications, the graphical applications, or switch between the two). A full explanation of these applications is outside the scope of this page. More information is available at this page.

Briefly, they consist of:

[modifica] urpmi

urpmi is the software installation tool. It must be used with root privileges. Invoke it simply with urpmi packagename to install a package and all its dependencies. If you enter an incomplete package name it will perform a search and make suggestions. Another useful command you can use is urpmi --auto-update, which will update the list of available packages from all repositories, and install any available updates.

[modifica] urpme

urpme is the software removal tool. It must be used with root privileges. Invoke it simply with urpme packagename to remove a package and any packages that depend on it. If you enter an incomplete package name it will perform a search and make suggestions.

[modifica] urpmq and urpmf

urpmq and urpmf are the search tools. They can be used with regular user privileges. Generally speaking, use urpmf to find what package contains a particular file, and urpmq for all other search operations. Called with no parameters, urpmq will search package names. Refer to the man pages for further information.

[modifica] urpmi.addmedia and urpmi.removemedia

These are the tools for adding and removing software repositories. Refer to the manpage for the necessary parameters. There are several sites which will help you generate urpmi.addmedia commands to add commonly used repositories: the official Mandriva mirror finder and the community maintained EasyUrpmi site are two of the most commonly used.

[modifica] Advanced use: Backports and candidate updates

There are several official software repositories for Mandriva Linux. For a full list and description of all the available repositories, see this page.

Briefly, there are three sections - main, contrib and non-free. Main contains supported free software, contrib contains officially unsupported free software, and non-free contains supported non-free software.

Each section is split into four repositories: release, updates, testing and backports. Release is the main repository which contains all the packages in the section at the time of release. Updates contains all security and bugfix updates for the section.

The backports repositories contain new versions of packages: updates that are provided simply to keep the package up to date or add new features, rather than to fix bugs or security issues. For instance, in Mandriva Linux 2008, the KDE packages in /main/release and /main/updates are 3.5.7 versions (as this was the current version at the time of Mandriva Linux 2008's release), but 3.5.9 version packages are available in /main/backports. These packages are all officially unsupported.

The testing repositories contain candidate update packages. When a bug is identified in a package in Mandriva Linux, the update policy calls for the package maintainer to build a package which should resolve the problem, and upload it to the appropriate /testing repository (depending on which section the package is in). At this point, users who have experienced the issue can install the candidate update to help test that it truly resolves the problem and does not cause any other problems. They can report their findings to the relevant Bugzilla bug.

Please note that the layout of repositories was different in releases prior to Mandriva Linux 2007. The repositories discussed in this section do not exist on earlier releases.

If you followed the steps in #Making more applications available above, or added Internet repositories during the installation process, the release and updates repositories for each section will be configured on your system and enabled.

The testing and backports repositories for each section will be configured on your system but disabled (they are disabled by default to ensure you do not install packages from these repositories by accident, since they could potentially not work as well as those from the release and updates repositories). To use these repositories, simply run the Software Media Manager as discussed in #Making more applications available and check the boxes to enable them. We recommend that you do not leave either repository permanently enabled, but enable them if you wish to install a specific package from them, install the package, and then disable them again.

If you choose to add /backports and/or /contrib repositories, you should also update the lists of available software regularly, as the packages in these repositories are updated regularly. You can do this by using the 'Update media' option on the 'File' menu.

[modifica] Advanced use: other ways to install software

Occasionally, you may come across an application you wish to run which is not available from any of the official Mandriva repositories, or you may have a strong need for a newer version of an application than is available from the official repositories. In these cases, you may wish to use another method of installing software.

[modifica] What not to do

Users finding themselves in this situation are strongly advised not to attempt to install software packages intended for other distributions (such as Fedora or OpenSUSE), or to install software packages intended for a different Mandriva Linux release from the one they are using (including Cooker). Installing such packages carries a very high risk of rendering your system unstable or unusable.

[modifica] Third party repositories

You may come across third party package repositories for Mandriva Linux, of which there are several. These may carry newer versions of applications than are available in the official repositories, or applications that are not available in the official repositories at all.

In general we advise you to use the official repositories whenever possible, but if you truly need an application or version that is not available from the official repositories, using a third party repository is a safer option than using a package for a different distribution, or installing from source code.

Mandriva cannot provide any support for packages provided by third parties: if you encounter problems while using such packages, please request support from the third party provider. We strongly recommend that you first check whether an application is available in the official repositories and if it is, use that package, even if it is not the absolute latest version of the application. Having the latest (perhaps broken) version is not as important as have a package that works. People spent time to check that applications in the official repositories work, and if you find problems, they can be reported to Bugzilla and corrected for everyone. If you need the latest version, it may (or may not for good reasons) be available as a backport, but do not count on it: begin with what's available and enjoy.

[modifica] Rebuilding a source RPM from a later Mandriva Linux release

If the package or version you require is not available from an official or third party repository for your release of Mandriva Linux, but is available in a later release of Mandriva Linux (including Cooker), you may try to recompile the source RPM from the later release on your release. You will be able to find the source RPM on any official Mandriva mirror, in the /SRPMS subdirectory of the release where the package is available. To build a source RPM, follow the instructions in the RPM building HOWTO: you will need to complete the steps in 'Preliminary tasks', and then follow the instructions in 'From an existing source RPM'.

[modifica] Installing from source code

If the application or version you require is not available from any official or third party repository, you may be forced to install it by downloading the raw source code, compiling it, and installing it to your system. This is the least preferred method of installing software and should only be used if you have no other option. For details on the general procedure of installing applications from source code on Mandriva Linux, please see this page.